Archimedes maintained that each particle of a fluid mass, when in equilibrium, is equally pressed in every direction and he inquired into the conditions according to which a solid body floating in a fluid should assume and preserve a position of equilibrium. This principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. In it, Archimedes develops the law of buoyancy, also known as Archimedes' principle. The fundamental principles of hydrostatics and dynamics were given by Archimedes in his work On Floating Bodies ( Ancient Greek: Περὶ τῶν ὀχουμένων), around 250 BC. Note that the object is floating because the upward force of buoyancy is equal to the downward force of gravity. Archimedes The forces at work in buoyancy as discovered by Archimedes. In 3rd century CE, Cao Chong describes the story of weighing the elephant by observing displacement of the boats loaded with different weights. In the 4th century BCE Mencius describes the weight of the gold is equivalent to the feathers. Observations of specific gravity and buoyancy were recorded by ancient Chinese philosophers. The earliest human civilizations began near the shores of rivers, and consequently coincided with the dawn of hydrology, hydraulics, and hydraulic engineering. Fluid mechanics has also been important for the study astronomical bodies and the dynamics of galaxies.Ī pragmatic, if not scientific, knowledge of fluid flow was exhibited by ancient civilizations, such as in the design of arrows, spears, boats, and particularly hydraulic engineering projects for flood protection, irrigation, drainage, and water supply. Advancements in experimentation and computational methods have further propelled the field, leading to practical applications in more specialized industries ranging from aerospace to environmental engineering. Significant theoretical contributions were made by notables figures like Archimedes, Johann Bernoulli and his son Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler, Claude-Louis Navier and Stokes, who developed the fundamental equations to describe fluid mechanics. Due to its conceptual complexity, most discoveries in this field relied almost entirely on experiments, at least until the development of advanced understanding of differential equations and computational methods. The success of early civilizations, can be attributed to developments in the understanding of water dynamics, allowing for the construction of canals and aqueducts for water distribution and farm irrigation, as well as maritime transport. The field has undergone a continuous evolution, driven by human dependence on water, meteorological conditions and internal biological processes. The study of the movement of fluids (liquids and gases) and the forces that act upon them dates back to pre-history. The history of fluid mechanics is a fundamental strand of the history of physics and engineering.
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